As manufacturing and industrial facilities evolved over the years, so have the ways we power the machinery. By power, I am referring to the controlling or initiating motion to perform a process. The key here is the industrial motors themselves. Whether they’re small, medium, or large, motors need to be controlled. They need to be started, stopped, and varied in overall speed for safety and also to properly perform their selected function. A motor rotating at unsafe speeds can be hazardous to personnel and dangerous to the equipment to which they are connected. The motor controller comes into play to do just that. Control of the startup as well as the acceleration to an appropriate speed, then the monitoring of the motor to ensure it is operating within its power rating, and of course the stoppage of the motor. For decades, a magnetic dc motor control was the most efficient way to get the job done. These sometimes complex circuits composed of relays, contactors, timers, and resistors could be found anywhere there was an industrial electric motor. At the time, they were new technology replacing drum controllers which used the human element to control a motor’s acceleration. on these controllers, an operator had the responsibility of turning on the motor and bringing it up to its proper speed using a handle attached to a drum of contacts. The faster the operator turned the handle, the faster the motor accelerated. Operating speed for the motor could also be controlled using the handle by stopping at a certain position short of full deflection. Motors could also be reversed using these controls by turning the handle in the opposite direction. Drum controllers relied too much on an operator’s gentle touch to be efficient and safe. The dc magnetic controller easily became the accepted method of motor control in its time.

The controlled acceleration of a dc motor and its controlled top speed made these controllers ideal for industrial machinery. The names Cutler Hammer, Westinghouse, Allen Bradley, and General Electric were synonamous with motor control. They all consisted of similar circuitry but various manufacturers had their own improvements and idiocyncrasies. The motor is usually started and stopped from a normally open and normally closed push button assembly. This controls a relay typically labeled CR, for control relay. The control circuit was also interfaced with overload and overtemp contacts for protection of the motor, the machinery, and human personnel. An M contactor indicates a main contactor. These dc contactors are designed with large current carrying contacts because they are responsible for applying and disconnecting the main circuit for the armature. Once the control circuit is energized, the accelerating of the motor is initiated using a series of resistors and contactors. These contactors are typically labeled 1A, 2A, 3A, and so forth. Accelerating contacts are opened and closed based on the armature current draw in some controllers and by timers in others. Another contactor called the FA contactor, or field accelerating contactor, remained closed during the acceleration of the motor. This contact assures that full power is applied to the shunt field of the motor until it is operating at a constant speed. It imay also be called the FF contactor, or full field contactor by some manufacturers. Once the motor has achieved its appropriate speed, the FA or FF contactor would open and speed control of the motor would be handed over to a rheostat. The rheostat would be in series with the shunt field. By varying the current flow through the shunt field, motors could be regulated for speed. Some forms of protection in these motor starters were added in case of motor winding failure or excessive mechanical loading. The FL contactor, or field loss contactor was typically designed with line coil in series with the shunt field. An open in the shunt field circuit would cause the field loss contactor to open and disable the control circuit acting similar to pressing a stop button. The other form of protection would be and overload circuit. The OL contactor or the OLX contactor were used to monitor an overload condition. These contactors also would act as similar to pressing a stop button. an overload typically senses too much current flow through the armature of the motor caused by internal motor winding shorts and opens, motor brush failure, a mechanical problem due to worn motor bearings, or a mechanical failure in the equipment to which the motor is coupled.

The world of electric motors is quite fascinating. For many making and collecting various types of electric motors is a hobby and for others making the best electric motors to power various devices is a profession. Whatever the approach is, but electric motors offer innumerable possibilities for improvisation. Working with electric motors and understanding them is a rewarding and learning experience. Let us find out more about electric motors in general. Usually, electric motors can be classified into two main types. They are direct current or DC and alternating current or AC motors. DC or AC is very common terms and they refer to how the electrical current is transferred through and from the motor. Both types of motors have different utilities and uses.

DC motors are usually available in two general types. Alike that, AC motors also come in two different types. They can be two phase or three phase AC motors. Although on technical front, the differences in DC and AC motors are sometimes marginal, but some of these differences make one types better than the other for a certain use. In general, the DC electric motors work for conditions controlling the speed is essential. It is due to the factor that DC motors have a steady and constant current. DC motors are also the first and earliest motors used. But these good factors are also accompanied with some limitations; for instance, the DC electric motors are incapable of producing power over long period of time. Most of the electric companies are aware of the limitation of the DC motor and have found that the power was lost as the electric current was transmitted. One of the variant, the Brush DC motors, use certain rings that conduct the current and form the magnetic drive that runs the rotor. On the other hand, the brush-less DC electric motors bring forth a switch to generate the magnetic drive that powers the rotor. Direct current motors commonly used in most of the electric appliances in your home.

Now coming back to the AC motors we find that these kinds of motors are commonly used on the basis of their type. For instance, the single phase AC motors are used for general purpose. This type of motors will work efficiently in different conditions. AC motors are effective for systems that are hard to start because they need a lot of power for this purpose. The three phase AC motors, also called polyphase, are commonly found in industrial sector. The AC motors have a high starting power built to transmit lower levels of overall power. As it alternated the power, so it gets its name AC. The amount of power specified by an AC motor is determined by the amount of power needed to operate the system.

Generally, the DC and AC electric motors are easily come across everywhere from the home to the car to industrial uses. The introduction of DC motors is still considered no less than a revolution and when AC motors were available in the market the way motors were looked at changed because of their amazing starting power potential. DC motors and AC motors are different in many ways, but they still both are used to power the world of electric appliances.

DC Gear Motor

Hybrid Stepper Motor

People are now thinking about converting their cars in electric vehicle for several reasons and they are always confused about what to do and what they need to purchase but, once they get involved in the project, they find out that it is so simple and all you just need to do is to follow the step by step instructions in order to install your electric car motor and its accessories.

People prefer this type of motors because it will save them a lot of money they pay for gas. Those who live in small cities and towns do not need to travel a long distance every day so, they knew that using an electric car would save them a lot when it comes down to running costs. In addition to this, the electric car motor is very cheap compared to gas engines. You can get them from everywhere and you can get them for very good prices from the surplus merchandise. Those who are trying their luck with EV for the first time can go for an aircraft generator as a motor for their cars. Although this solution does not provide much power for your car but it is a very good chance to get the feeling of an electric car before you invest in purchasing a new electric motor.

Using an electric vehicle for your city commuting will not only decrease your daily costs but it will also help the environment to survive the effect of other carbon emitting sources. Electricity is a very clean energy that you can use for a better environment.

One of the best things about the electric car motor is that you can do the installation and the replacement all by yourself. It could be your next garage project where you proudly change an old car into a modern electric vehicle.

In robotics, three motors are generally used; the direct current (DC), stepper and radio controlled (‘RC’) servo motors.

Servo motors are used in most robotic projects. Reasons include its high accuracy and degree of control with pulse width modulation (‘PWM’). Compared with other common motors; DC and stepper motors, servo motors are the clear choice for projects requiring specific movements.

Inside a stepper type, lie a series of coils. These coils create magnetic field that respond to permanent magnets, in turn creating rotations. To control the rotation, coils must be switched on (rotate forward) and off (reverse) constantly. Sequence of (or phase pattern) ‘ons’ and offs turn the stepper motor. The stepper type is not too widely available. A lack of familiarity with these motors’ application eliminates its choice from the project.

For a DC, applying DC voltage will rotate the shafts, continuously clockwise and anti-clockwise (reverse polarity DC voltage). Even a H-bridge circuit is needed for the reverse (anti-clockwise) mechanism. Degree of controls needed for a high precision project like a robotic arm and therefore the DC type is not suitable.

Put in a simple way, DC motors simply rotate continuously as long as given power. While servo motors are smarter than DC motors because they can be programmed to turn in specific amount of angles. Stepper motors are hardly used and is the least popular. A common way to get a free stepper motor is from old floppy disk drives or ‘CD-rom’ drives. These are good sources for reaping a free stepper motor.

Alfred writes on various topics and provides useful tips about their relevant topics. You can also find him where he has a website which helps people find zero gravity chair and leather recliner chairs. Never ever sit on another generic common chair anymore. Find out why at the website.

The benefits of DC electrical control speed in relatively simple terms, only the control voltage can control the total size has speed, but not in the heat of such motors, and other environmental flammable operate, and because The need to brush as the motor current converter (Commutator) components (with brush motors), so they need regular cleaning of carbon brushes dirt produced by friction. The brushless motor as Brushless motors, compared with the brush, brushless motor, carbon brush and shaft for less friction and therefore less power is relatively quiet. Production more difficult, the price is high.
AC motors can at high temperature, flammable and other operating environments, and do not regularly clean up the brush dirt, but speed control is relatively difficult to control AC motor speed as required to control the frequency of alternating current (or the use of induction motors, with an increase internal resistance of the way, in the same lower frequency AC motor speed), control the voltage will only affect the motor torque. General civil motor voltage 110V and 220V so two, in industrial applications such as patterns are 380V or 440V.

Hybrid Stepper Motor

Hysteresis Motor

Induction Motor

Permanent